'Chiang Rai Thailand Health And Social Care Essay\r'

'This is a quantitative look followup on a f entirely(a) over conducted in 2008 in the Union plead of Chiang Rai, Thailand. The scan investigates the causal relationships betwixt age, antiretroviral noise, social go, manifestation deliver, self-c be schemes, and health-related case of life ( HRQOL ) in nation populating with human immunodeficiency virus/ help ( PLWHA ) in the Yankee part of the said state. Four light speed 22 augurs were selected to take part in the query and from them informations were collected with the usage of quadruple assorted questionnaires. The matters revealed that indication buzz off had a master(prenominal) negative organize military issue on the HRQOL as opposed to age, societal make, antiretroviral discuss and self-cargon schemes which had authoritative unequivocal termination on the HRQOL. Furtherto a greater extent, it was matchn that societal support and antiretroviral handling had an validating consequence on the HR QOL by means of self-c atomic number 18 schemes. With these identifyings, it was recommended that publicity of societal support and addendum to antiretroviral intervention must(prenominal) be achieved to upraise the timberland of life of the great unwashed populating with human immunodeficiency virus/ AIDS.\r\nThe rubric is dryly verbalize which include a minimum figure of haggling b atomic number 18ly still adequately describes the circumscribe of the paper ( Day & A ; Gastal, 2006 ) . It is elliptical however does non compromise its relevancy and does non headph iodin uninteresting. It is briefly put together exclusively still is moderately all-encompassing to invent the question without overpowering readers with excessively more than information. Furthermore, the rubric is formulated in a strong and simple mode which is in reality of import in guaranting readers entrust non be distracted or conf utilize. The rubric presents the topic of the enquiry which is the health-related prize of life in plurality populating with human immunodeficiency virus/ AIDS in the Federal part of Thailand.\r\nThe explore buy the farmers of this check are Thitiarpa Tangkawanich, Jintana Yunibhand, Sureeporn Thanasilp, and Kathy Magilvy. Thitiarpa Tangkawanich, RN, Msc, Jintana Yunibhand, RN, Msc, PhD, and Sureeporn Thanasilp, RN, Msc, DNS are members of the Faculty of breast feeding in Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand slice Kathy Magilvy, RN, PhD, FAAN is a prof of the College of Nur blether of the University of Colorado, Denver, Colorado, USA. With all these academic certificates and makings, the investigate workers can be considered believ fit personalities in their several Fieldss of fortes. The query was do by well-thought-of professors and registered nurses. All of them brook lord ‘s grade mend Tangkawanich is the lonely(prenominal) one without a doctorial grade.\r\nThe condition gives an declarative or descriptive t witch to summate a brief nerve centre-up of the tribal chief points of the question ( Day & A ; Gastal, 2006 ) . Since the look for surveies a societal occurrence in a quantitative attack, the question workers utilise this sort of abstract as it describes what transpired during the prof using up seek procedure. The abstract references the condensed signifier of the investigate purpose, which is to happen out the causal relationships betwixt age, antiretroviral intervention, societal support, prognostic experience, self-care schemes and health-related quality of life. The modeological analysis utilize in enchant oning the research is mentioned although some information was excluded as they were discussed in item in the win parts of the research. Four different questionnaires were utilize to roll up informations from the 422 respondents elect for the flock. utilize the Likert evaluation graduated table, the informations were analyzed and were so themeed to sta tistical intervention with SPSS and LISREL. The abstract anyhow reports the major findings ( Day & A ; Gastal, 2006 ) which take the stand that type experience has a all-important(a) negative consequence on the HRQOL while the other staying variables had a important positive consequence. Additionally, societal support and antiretroviral intervention were also found to h one-time(a) an indirect consequence on HRQOL via self-care schemes. Last, the abstract of the peck suggests a recommendation for the health-care team, together with the house let in and community, to patterned advance societal support and guarantee antiretroviral intervention to h octad-spoten the quality of life in multitude populating with human immunodeficiency virus/ AIDS sing the research findings. It similarly illustrates the tidy sum ‘s significance to clinical pattern.\r\nThe research caper is cl previous(predicate) presented in the intro of the denomination as it explains the princip le behind the mien of this mint ( Walsh & A ; Wigens, 2007 ) . The purpose in this survey is to look into the causal relationships surrounded by age, antiretroviral intervention, societal support, symptom experience, self-care schemes and the HRQOL in people populating with HIV/AIDS in northern Thailand. It examines whether or non relationships between these factors exist, what sort of relationships exists if thither are any and how does it implicate the people with the infection and the likely interferences to be interpreted by wellness attention squad every bit commodity. The debut was anyways able to give a state of personal business around how people with HIV/AIDS in the multiform survey puting live their lives. It gave a brief pr severallying about HIV/AIDS which significantly provides a approximate jump-start in explicating the entireness of the research. The debut states the scarceness in research stuff that focal point on the relationships among the variable s identified, HRQOL and PLWHA, set uping the penury for the survey to be conducted. Although the debut was able to discourse the major points and variables in the survey, it did non include the restrictions. Additionally, the debut besides did non explicate the chief subject from a bigger international tramp to a narrow and more particularized full point ( Day & A ; Gastal, 2006 ) . In amount, the debut was able to set up a clear logic, an analysis of old plants, range information and the chief learn of the research ( Walsh & A ; Wigens, 2003 ) .\r\nThe broad writings reappraisal used in the research was able to give a good background about the major points in the survey. However, galore(postnominal) other stuffs still could hold been used to gain beef up the survey ‘s publications reappraisal. It is illustrious that the survey is supported by up to day of the month information which makes it more timely and applicable. The literary works reappraisal a pply articles from many other research workers whose research end products have greatly provided cooperative informations to the survey. The description of the present life conditions of the respondents ( Sukati et al. , 2005 ) , the self-care schemes that they use ( Panuwatsuk, 1998 ) , the symptoms and their correlativity to HRQOL ( Dodd et al. 2001 ) , the current antiretroviral intervention ( Heckman 2003 ) , all these and others, were interpreted from researches conducted from twelvemonth 2000 through 2007. The literature is able to confront in school text the theoretical construction from which the survey was anchored. With the sum of referenced articles presented in the literature, the balanced evaluation of back uping and opposing stuffs for the proposition is demonstrated. Since and few researches surveies were made sing the indirect consequence of the many factors identified on the HRQOL in PLWHA, the necessity to develop a theoretical government note that could show the direct and indirect effects of the forecasters on the HRQOL in PLWHA has clearly risen as stated in the literature reappraisal. Furthermore, of import mentions were adjudge consequently to further reenforce the firmness of the survey. Notwithstanding, it may hold given an extended overview on the survey, but still it was non able to show a few important points. Although the literature illustrated a comprehensive background on the survey and the variables involved, it did non overtly identify the cardinal theoretical model.\r\nThe survey is a quantitative research which tries to explicate a societal phenomenon. This connotes that no change of the surroundings was made and the respondents were non subjected to any signifier of controlled scene, thereof, variables involved are limited. Since this is a quantitative research, it must hold a sound surmise which will function as its anchor. plainly it is non stated alternatively, an implied hypothesis was used to see whether o r non relationships exist among the forecasters: age, antiretroviral intervention, societal support, self-care schemes and symptom experience on wellness -related quality of life in people populating with HIV/AIDS. This is an illustration of a non-directional hypothesis ( woods & A ; Haber, 2006 ) , where the hypothesis being time-tested is reversible but can be tested by geting informations and subjecting them to statistical analysis.\r\nThe research workers used words that are for the near part clear and comprehensible. They did non utilize excessively many slangs in the he-man. Abbreviations like HRQOL, PLWHA and HIV/AIDS are besides clearly be to avoid confusion. Footings besides have conformable and consistent definitions throughout the survey, particularly those operationally defined for this research ( Walonick, 2005 ) .\r\nThe survey uses a cross-section(a) quantitative survey with a non-experimental research design in placing the respondents ‘ spot of HRQ OL in relation to their age, antiretroviral intervention, societal support, symptom experience, and self-care schemes. It means that an experimental survey utilizing a aggregation of informations on one crossroads was made with a limited assort of population all at the akin garment ( Walsh & A ; Wigens, 2003 ) . It is the provide method acting to be used as it gives a snapshot of what happens in a elect mark group or a phenomenon at one point in clip ( Babbie, 2010 ) . It is besides fit for this research as it is normally used in societal and medical scientific discipline. However, it besides has its impuissance or restriction since it simply captures the information at one specific clip as opposed to longitudinal surveies which involve a series of measurings taken over a period of clip ( Babbie, 2010 ) . Bing a non-experimental research, no use of the variables was do and there was no effort made to alter the status, behavior or the environment of the variables as the y are measured and analysed as they are. The respondents were merely made to reply questionnaires that will reflect their ain personal experience and at the same clip supply informations for the research worker ‘s perusing.\r\nThe topics chosen for the survey are 422 people populating with HIV/AIDS who visited eight chosen outpatient infirmaries in the state of Chiang Rai in the northern region of Thailand. Of which, 188 are males and 234 are females, with ages runing from 21 to 51 old ages old. The figure of respondents may non be sufficient to wholly stand for the mark population in the research puting but in many fortunes, a small take in size may be more important and useable in look intoing a state of affairs in deepness from different positions, while a big sample would be undistinguished particularly in societal researches ( Myers, 2000 ) .\r\nThe research workers employed the lottery method without replacing in indiscriminately choosing eight infirmaries out of the 17 infirmaries in the northern state of Chiang Rai, Thailand. A hit-or-miss take in method was so made to find the 422 topics who will be portion of the survey. They are people populating with HIV/ AIDS who visited the eight chosen outpatient infirmaries. The usage of lottery method in concurrence with simple random trying makes the choice of respondents more reasoned and valid as it ignores repeat choices of dowry and gives more precise calculators ( Kalton, 1983 ) . Clearly, the attack used in sample choice and the sample size are doubtless stated.\r\nThe research workers were able to methodically discourse the extremity undertaken in informations aggregation. They used four questionnaires to conglomerate informations from the participants: societal support questionnaires, symptom experience questionnaire, self-care schemes questionnaire and health-related quality of life questionnaires. Each of these questionnaires has been conservatively chosen and drafted for the survey. The three questionnaires for societal support, self-care schemes and health-related quality were all adapted from old research while the questionnaire for symptom experience was drafted establishing on the reappraisal of literature. The cogency and dependability of the questionnaires were greatly anchored on the internal consistences used for each questionnaire. The questionnaires are meticulously reviewed by the research worker to guarantee its ability to appraise what it intends to mensurate ( Foddy, 1993 ) . However, no reference about pilot testing was made and this may be considered one of the survey ‘s failings.\r\nCreswell ( 2003 ) stated that ethical issues arise most normally in informations aggregation where confidentiality and anonymity are in careful examination. These concerns are recognised and acted upon by the research workers by guaranting respondents were given due protection and their natural rubber is non abridged. The research workers acquired the bless ing of the Ethical retrospect charge for Research Involving Human Subjects and/or Use of Animals in Research, Health learning Group of Faculties, Colleges and Institutes, Chulalongkorn University, and the Ethical Review Committee for the Biomedical Group, Chiangraiprachanukroh Hospital, Thailand. With human topics involved in the survey, such blessing was obtained. The intent and methods of the survey were explained to the participants through the informed consent which acknowledges the participants ‘ rights are protected ( Creswell, 2003 ) .\r\nThe consequences of the survey were presented clearly in graphical signifier and text. The consequences of the statistical intervention of the informations were explained in four concise yet extremely enlightening paragraphs while the demographics of the topics were presented in a more ocular and apprehensible tabular array ( Kumar, 2005 ) . The internal consistences of the informations, utilizing the Cronbach ‘s alpha were be sides presented accurately, for societal support 0.8, for symptom experience which was clustered into vi symptoms, weariness 0.88, nausea 0.92, diarrhea 0.93, opinion 0.92, neuropathy 0.93 and anxiousness 0.92 ; for self-care schemes 0.77 and eventually for HRQOL 0.85. Given all these figures, readers are assured that the consequences are good calculated and analysed to guarantee that high degree of cogency and dependability is achieved.\r\nFour different and highly-structured questionnaires ( Overseas Learning Faculty 2004 ) were used in roll uping informations. The usage of questionnaires is the appropriate technique in obtaining informations for cross-sectional knowing research or societal studies as it acquires first-hand information from the topics without change or use of their responses ( Bryman & A ; Bell, 2003 ) . On the other manus, SPSS and LISREL, statistical computing machine plans that perform high computations and structural equation, were used for statistica l analysis. statistical interventions through with(p) with the said statistical slam are considered extremely right ( Norse School of Management, 2009 ) . The consequences of the information analysis show that path relationships between the variables were investigated to guarantee that important differences are non attributed to fluctuations in other relevant variables. It can besides be mention that the information analysis adequately showed the plump information with the trial value, grade of exemption and chance for each identified variable, thereby giving more constituted consequences.\r\nThe treatment of the research findings ties together all the pieces of the survey and gives a image of the survey as a whole. It relates and translates the figures to literature reappraisal therefore doing it more comprehendible and balanced ( Russel, 2002 ) . The research workers were able to travel back to literature and discourse that most of their research findings are consistent and similar with the plants antecedently done by other research workers on HRQOL in PLWHA. It besides tackled the deductions of the topics ‘ socio-economic position, gender, age, societal support, antiretroviral intervention, and symptom experience and self-care schemes to their health-related quality of life. The restriction of the survey was besides acknowledged where the usage of cross-sectional theoretical account was perceived to be the theoretical account ‘s failing since it merely gives a snapshot of the genuine discernible fact at one point in clip ( woodwind & A ; Haber, 2006 ) . Therefore, it was suggested that future surveies should be conducted to further set up the causal relationships between the variables longitudinally over a lasting period of clip to get stick out and more dependable research consequences.\r\nThe termination coheres with and is supported by the consequences obtained. The research workers cogitate that a causal theoretical account of HRQOL in PLWHA indicate that most factors have direct and indirect effects on the HRQOL. Consequently, age, societal support, antiretroviral intervention, symptom experience, and self-care schemes are considered to be important factors in explicating and foretelling the HRQOL in Thai PLWHA. Furthermore, self-care schemes link societal support and antiretroviral intervention with HRQOL in Thai PLWHA. The research workers besides presented the deductions of the survey which are really instrumental in the survey ‘s concluding recommendations.\r\nWith the findings and decisions at manus, the research workers powerfully recommend executable propositions to assist people populating with HIV/AIDS achieve a higher quality of life as they hurdle challenges of huge proportions, including HIV-stigma, deficiency of societal support, and mental wellness issues such as depression ( Jiraphongsa et al. , 2009 ) . The research workers gave motive on the publicity of societal support from th e crime syndicate and the community as it was found to be positively correlated with a transgress quality of life ( Fogel, 1998 ) . Observation to antiretroviral intervention, early symptom sensing and prompt intercession and pattern of self-care schemes must besides be ensured to accomplish a higher quality of life. The research workers besides pointed out the demand to carry on future research on this subject to get the give way of the restrictions they met in carry oning this academic work for stronger and more dependable consequences.\r\n( 2,770 words )\r\n'