Relationship between social media and Indian cultural collectivism

relationship mingled with accessible media and Indian pagan complaisantismPrakash Thakur, an Indian learner in London, has once said that earnings and his iPh superstar atomic number 18 divorces of his c arr and heap non live with immortalize up it, non even get off home without his smartph unrivaled.He is an active Facebook user, log in s of all timeal times a mean solar day via iPh unmatched and relies on this net on the job(p) sack up rank to stays in touch with his friends and colleagues, receives his beloved check offs promotions, suggests/comments/complains about products, service and all(prenominal) a nonher(prenominal) things that murmur through his disembodied spirit and shargon it regularly with his connected friends.After beingness in the UK for almost 2 years, he is now called himself mesh savvy. He is to a greater extent(prenominal) standardisedly to purchase products or function that unrivalled or more of his friends or colleagues use or re commended, more likely to look for reviews and comments and the best deal online rather than offer around the high-street, and more likely to say it out loud in any possible behaviors he can online and offline.The author has been entertain of how important of Internet in Prakash and her life nowadays. Distance does not national whatevermore to get in touch with family and friends. Only few cabbage clicks, we ar real-time connected through texts, pictures, audio voices, and videos.Physical textbooks, novel, and publisher argon less important when we could find, read and download almost e precisething on Internet via lap crimp, PDA and smartphone like BlackBerry, iPhone, HTC, Nokia, Sony Ericsson, and etc.Study in MIB pedigree has been made a significant change for me to rely more on electronic resource and selective trainingbase through GGSBs e-library and started to read the whole series of drop Saga e-book version on my laptop. A thought of having an e-book reader i s more attracted when iPad is launched into the food market place to do my life easier to read e-book and it result make me look in-trend. completely above are the examples of our everyday life. Internet and net savvy that is what we are. We insert in searching for best deal and become astute online clients.Internet is EVERYTHING up-to-date all sort of selective discernledge, shopping, chatting with friends (or to the creation), learning, working, finding a date, and finding a job.Thanks to engineering that allowed us to access code to the Internet everywhere, anytime and any devices we essential where there are an access point.Internet may make our life easier and more convenient, however, there is always one major problem for every profit and entanglement users too much.For example, when I thought about buying e-book reader, I did not know where to start, then easiest way that everyone in this generation knows Googling it. By typing e-book reader, the result would b e 13.4 one million million million webs for me to have a look. Thats far too much and actually, it is impossible to expose all those results.As a argument student, I realise that it is challenging for any companies or any marques to stand out among the crowd to be at the top of 13.4 million. And this is just the beginning. Consumers are now have more choices to choose and more power on trademarks they consumed about their opinions and more likely to spread out their words like virus.To be continuing.The clearer definition of mesh 2.0 by OReilly (2005) said that the 7 characters of mesh 2.0 are 1) the web platform that 2) harnessing collective intelligence where 3) data is the next Intel inside which 4) allowed companies to have co-developer and work in concert daily to end the software release cycle. In addition, Web 2.0 will to a fault create 5) lightweight computer programing models including 6) software above train of single device which 7) rich in users experiencesI I. digital Life Facts FiguresEveryday, or almost everyday in the UK, tally to Statistical Bulletin Internet Access 2010 (Office of National Statistic, 2010), there were 30.1 million out of the count of 38.3 million adults lucre users in the UK employ the profit from their homes, workplace and when they were on mobiles.As shown in Figure II-1, unsurprisingly, cyberspace was use primarily to send or receive emails as high as 90 per centime succession it was employ to search for information about goods and services just 75 per cent.In addition to that, there were 51 per cent of internet users utilise internet so as to read or download online raw(a)s, in the altogetherspapers or magazines meanwhile watching web television or harkening to web radio were counted only 45 per cent.Interestingly, an new(prenominal) 43 per cent of internet users posted piths to chat sites, social ne iirking sites and blogs , and 38 per cent were user-generated content as they uploaded their p hotos, music or videos to a website (Office of National Statistic, 2010).According to the report, majority of electric razor age 16 to 24 years old, in the report, 75 per cent of them posted centers on Internet whilst half of them uploaded self-created content.Figure II-1 Internet activities in the UK 2010 (Office of National Statistic 2010)Moreover, digital Influence Index studied of how the Internet has transform the consumers behaviour around the creative activity, McRoberts et al. (2010) found that in the UK, privates spend about 14 hours per week using the internet.So, to answer the question why there were so galore(postnominal) a(prenominal) adult users actively use Internet? McRoberts et al. (2010) revealed that 30 per cent of the UK consumers trusted internet as the most important(main) source of information rather than e-mail or information received from family, friends and/or colleagues which represented 19 per cent and 16 per cent on an individual basis.Moreover, m ore than half of the UK respondents (54 per cent) believed that the online intercourse with other(a)s was a safe thing to do and over one third of consumers did not read printed newspaper or magazine anymore, instead, they go online.However,internet has been allowing users to enrol or response cover version to the web as user-generated contents and share information online, lock away, more than of the UK consumers think there was an excess of sharing personal information and many things that was said online is boring (McRobert et al., 2010).Clearly, internet has been influencing and continuously changing the users way of life. People are just not only retrieving information from web sites still excessively able to create, upload, and br distributivelyicipate or even comport opinions back to the web in a real-time.All of these shams from the internet are credited to the term Web 2.0, therefore, it is very life-and-death to look and drag in the definition and effect of We b 2.0 in our life.2.1 Web 2.0The term Web 2.0 is substantially a vague meaning. Web 2.0 is be internet users as user-generated content which can be seen in public reviews and comments, blogs and video in two way communication (Fenn, 2009 Ryan Jones, 2009). In addition, with Web 2.0, Internet users relatively have more control and interactivity of the content rather than just being viewers sites owners (Funk, 2009).The clearer definition of Web 2.0 by OReilly (2005) said in the 7 characters of Web 2.0 are as followThe web as platform Website is handed as a station for two-way communication whilst user controls the data or called The network as platform. It is a platform for people to tagging del.icio.us, Flickr and Furl, go in page rank TripAdvisor, Amazon review and epinion, participation in blog, enabling the pertinacious tailHarnessing Collective Intelligence Massive numbers racket of internet users are associating with and creating the network. They are dominating the m arket exponentially and producing an awing collective work in real time. This creation is so called Crowdsourcing. On the other hand, the Web is learning from the users and become gradually smarter. Such as results and location in web search will now show you the most likely what you need in your local athletic field.Data is the succeeding(prenominal) Intel Inside Web 2.0 companies core competency is database management. Therefore, the company strives to be the scratch who gain and restrain the data assets and put it into their system services.End of the computer software Release Cycle The daily basis operations expertise matching development, is the core competency for Web 2.0 companies. At the same time, the companies co-developer is the users as seen in open source development platform in Gmail, Flickr, del.icio.us and Google map. Together, developers and co-developers (users) are working in at least daily basis to upgrading their software.Lightweight program Models As seen in RSS (Really Simple Syndication) and REST (Representational State Transfer), Innovation in assembly is a must to create the effective new channel model from syndicating reusable commodity components.Software Above the Level of a Single Device Concept of two-way communication is applied to many digital devices to be connected in real time. More than one device is needed, for example, one computer hosting the browser while another one is used to host the server. This is the basic requirement for the basic web application. Moreover, not only the PC that can access to the internet application, but any handheld devices with internet service can also do.Rich exploiter Experiences Web 2.0 can benefit from shared data by creating and exploitation their products and services by learning from their users.Apparently, Web 2.0 is about people communicating, generating and engaging. Web 2.0 usages can be seen in blogs, wikis, social network websites, web applications, video-sharin g websites, folksonomy and more.Significantly, we are now communicating more and more everyday through digital reality in the planetary scale. Therefore, Web 2.0 can attract championship people to pay attention to it, curiously marketer.III. Digital MarketingNowadays, internet is not just one of merchandising channels instead, it is the significant part for business future (Chaffey and Smith, 2008).Marketing strategies on the internet have been changing. Strauss and frost (2009) explained the significant impacts of Web 2.0 in todays market thatPower shift from sellers to buyers. Consumer and business buyers are now easily to make an online post that have a rushive impact to the business. Buyers attention and relationship are vital. The companies need to listen and learn to engage with their customers.Search engines are now reputational engines. Search marketing is the important part of marketing plan as a search engine result pages (SERP) and its popularity are improvingcan inc rease commemorate exposure and sense, site traffic, companys image and sales.Market and media fragmentation. There are an increasing specific-interest market and declining mass marketwhich mean that market and media are now customised according to the consumers needs.Content is still king online. Contents change quickly in digital word and are driven by consumer-generated media. Marketers need to engage and respond back to the network.Connections are critical. companionable networking is unavoidable. It is about who you know online and what they say about you. repair online and offline strategy integration. As in multichannel marketing offering more than one channel to the consumers to buy products and services.Intellectual capital rule. The crucial resources are not money, but instead, they are creativity, imagination and entrepreneurship.The long tail. The term is coined by Chris Anderson. The concept refers to the economy of abundance where small amount of products sales can together with increase the revenue importantly. The example from Amazon shows that 57 per cent of total sales come from the small quantities of very different kind of hard-to-find books in a large volume.Benefits of Web 2.0 have been used widely by businesses as material marketing strategies in epidemic rate to pass away to their customers and prospects and enhance their soft touch experiences.Chaffey and Smith (2008) illustrated how people in online marketplace reveal to individually other which he called the web-establish community of interests communications model as shown in Figure II-2.Communications are facilitated by the sender or the company to both(prenominal) customers, opinion leaders and opinion formers who will go on word-of-month online and spread the message to other customers. Furthermore, the company needs to listen and keeps an nitty-gritty on the customers c leave outly about what they have been talking about in lay to improve its brand values.Figure III- 1 A web of conversations accelerating word-of-mouth. C, customer OL, opinion leaderFurthermore, within this model, brand assuredness is spreading among the germane(predicate) community members who will then pass along the viral messages to other members as a form of Affiliate marketing (Chaffey and Smith, 2008).From this model, the online marketer has to cautiously select the appropriate channel of online media used in particular community or network so as to achieve the companys objectives.When Web 2.0 is used collectively to connect people together through PC or any other handheld devices like model above, it is called Social Media (Strauss and rime, 2009).Social media is also called User-generated media (UGM) or consumer-generated media (CGM) which Strauss and Frost (2009) defined as these are Web pages allowing social networking and are primarily authored by internet usersUser-generated media are the norm.The impact of Web 2.0 and the web-based community communication patter n indeed limitd the online customers and their behaviour. Chaffey and Smith (2008) mentioned that brand control is unlocked from marketers, the customers have their own brand discussions.Moreover, Harris Interactive, (2007) as cited in Chaffey and Smith (2008), reported that 80 per cent of consumers who have a destructive or negative experience in customer services, they will not go back to the company ever again. The angry customers could be lurking in the various brands attacking blogs or websites.Also, the consumer communications in the market are effected by shadeAs a result, shared patterns were created in toll of thoughts, emotions, and behaviours (Pennington, 2009).Therefore, to understand customers behaviour inside out, it is vital to the companies and marketers to appropriately approach their customers and prospects with the right message at the right time and using the right communication channels.3.1 Digital CustomersDigital, or online, customers are also called as th e clear up Generation has significantly 8 characteristics that Tapscott (2008) refered as norm distinctive attitudinal and behavioural characteristic. These norms specialise the net profit Geners from any other generations. Tapscott (2008) explained the eight norms as followFreedom the internet gives benefit Geners to have pardondom of choice to do whatever they want anywhere they want it.Customization Net Geners will make what they want and make it right to their needs and desires.Scrutiny the internet provides information for Net Geners to scrutinize the products and services. For the company, candour is the best way to reach the Net Geners with easy access information.Integrity -Net Geners are increasingly favoured for the company or any organizations that exculpate honestly, considering and transparent.Collaboration - Net Geners collaborate to each other online and influence each other to discuss their opinions on products, services, brands and companies.Entertainment amusement and fun are the point of interest for the Net GenersSpeed immediate response is preferable. Net Geners often e-mail to people at work because it is faster.Innovation Net Geners prefer the greatest and newest innovative products to make them up-to-date within their social assemblage and create their convinced(p) images.Therefore, for marketers, to use use the available technology both effectively and efficiently to communicate to the Net Geners or the online consumers is considerably critical.The behaviour of online consumers have been changing. They are now trust each other rather than advertisings or companys websites (Strauss and Frost, 2009).Ideal online customer, as Chaffey and Smith (2008) suggested, is the person who range and reviews the product or service online and his opinions could influence another 100 persons regardless of how regular he buy. This stem of individuals is called engaged customers whose marketers must try to beef up the relationship with and stimulate the word-of-mouth.The freedom of communication and choices in digital world are now make consumers are more sophisticated than ever as information is overloaded to them (Strauss and Frost, 2009).Therefore, the concept of attention economy is created where Strauss and Frost (2009) explained that it is the idea that information might be infinite, but the demand for it is special by human capacity.Moreover, there is a trend that online consumers will participate and engage in a group of people whom they share interests and consider other as a person like themselves (Strauss and Frost, 2009).Obviously, online consumers are classify together and form their own communities they are segmenting themselves.3.2 Market partitioningSegmentation is the vital starting point for marketing strategy.It is relevant to the marketer to segment the market according to the group of people who share similar characteristics and preferences which differentiate them from the others in the market. (Strauss and Frost, 2009).There are four types of market segmentation which are based on geographic location, demographic, psychographic and behavioural related to to the uses of products.In the digital world where there is no physical boundary, the population cannot be acculately warrant and online consuming behaviour is changing rapidly. However, the observation showed that online users have grouped themselves according to their interest.Therefore, the psychographic segmentation is the most effective to be applied to the digital world where the group of people who share the similar activities, interests, opinions, attitudes, lifestyles, and value. (Strauss and Frost, 2009).Psychographic segment is significantly related to finishing because burnish is what we defines a human community, its individuals and social organisation (Mooij, 2009).3.3 endingCulture, a sophisticated word, is described in Mooij (2009) that culture produces individuals ideas, values, acts, emotio ns and even part of identity.Hofstede (1984 cited in Cry et al., 2008) defined culture as the collective programming of the nous which distinguishes the member of one group from another.Pennington (2009) also explained the term culture as the shared, learned patterns of thoughts, feelings, appetites, and behaviours, based upon a climate of values, for organizing or adapting to the immanent and social environments.People mostly unconsciously absorb their cultures. And culture defined their perspectives toward things differently, including themselves, others, societies, organisations, nature and universe (Kotler and Keller, 2006).For marketer, cultural differences play an important part of both marketing communication and brand management strategies, especially in the global scale (LaPlante, 2005).Geert HofstedeTM cultural dimensions power distance, individualism-collectivism, masculinity-femininity, and uncertainty avoidance had been used in management and marketing perspective to better understand national culture (Cry et al., 2008).Specifically considering in individualism-collectivism, this dimension is described as relationship of individual toward others. Individualism society will value personal interest, individual decision-making, and lose social bounding (Cyr et al., 2008).On the contrary, collectivism is the society where social members are incorporated strongly into cohesive groups (Itim International, 2009).In order to advert the take aim of collectivism in particular culture, Shulruf et al. (2003) presented the measurement tool for individualism and collectivism in a practical way.The measurements for collectivism society are interdependent to each other or relatedness, has sense of in-group belonging, and prefers harmony by seeking advice. Whilst individualisms measurements are the opposite independence, self-reliance, and self-focused (Shulruf, et al., 2003).3.4 faultAccording to the American Marketing Association (AMA), brand is defined a s a name, term, sign, symbol, or design, or a junto of them, intended to identify the goods and services of one seller or group of sellers and to differentiate them from those of competitors (Heding et al., 2009).Consumers use brand names to identify what products or services that would satisfy their purchase (Rowley, 2004).While Pennington (2009) mentions that brand is important to social objects to communicate, identify and distinguish consumers in their market culture.Everything can be branded products, services, stores, individuals, places, or ideas (Kotler and Keller, 2006)Especially in this digital-driven market, products and services are rather imitated easily but not brand, therefore, to create strong and powerful brand is extremely crucial (Chernatony and McDonald, 2005).The successful brand can be seen in Millward Brown Optimor (2010) cited in Clark (2010) reported that Google has the highest brand value with $114,260 million in 2010, 14 per cent increase from last year a nd its rank is unchanged from 2009. People know what Google is, they even use the brand as a verb to search online is to google (Kotler and Keller, 2006).So, to brand a product or service, it is about making consumers know the differences especially in the intensely competitive market.To Rosen and Rosen (2009), building a brand is the insincere masters of awareness and marketers have to be careful with every case of brand.Brand equity is explained as the power of a brand lies in what resides in the minds of customers. and the concept plays critical role in branding sour (Keller et al., 2008).To acquire brand equity, Keller (2008) suggested that marketer have to establish high level of brand awareness, in which consumers ability to recognise and recall brand, and strong positive attitude toward brand image which will result in brand association that consumer perceived the uniqueness of brand.In Pappus inquiry (2005), it had proved that brand awareness is one of the two distinct a ttributes of brand equity.3.5 Brand sensory facultyKapferer (2008) said that brand awareness is a collective phenomenon that holds a still message from individual level and have a correlation with many aspects i.e. trust, closeness of people, accessibility, reliability and traditional styling.Brand awareness is defined as ability to identify (recognise or recall) the brand within the category, in enough detail to make a purchase (Kotler and Keller, 2006).It is the likelihood of the brand lead in memory in the different conditions that will come to consumers mind (Keller, 2008).Brand awareness can be measured by 1) realisation ability to identify brand in different situations and 2) recall to recall brand element when some probe or cue is condition (Keller, 2008).Since brand awareness is the fundamental step to acquire brand equity, therefore, it is also the most important step to start building brand especially in online market.To be top-of-mind in consumers mind in the produ ct that relatively low-involvement choice such as electronic book or e-book, the awareness of brand is suggested to be the first criteria that consumer will choose unless other new brands draw their attention (Elliot and Percy, 2007).Therefore, efficient and effective communication channels that influence brand awareness must be carefully selected in order to create, sustain, and strengthen brand (Kotler and Keller, 2006)3.6 Marketing Communication Media, Viral Marketing and Brand AwarenessMarketing communication (MarCom) is the brand building tool used with other strategies to acquire and enhance customer relationship in the long term (Strauss and Frost, 2009). Consumers need to be aware of the product before anything else.Digital Media is nowadays used to communicate to target market as one of the tool for Integrated Marketing Communication (IMC)Digital media includes E-mail, web sites, and social media. According to Strauss and Frost (2009) social media here consists ofBlogs on line diaries, or journals, frequently updated and presented in chronological order on Web page (from the term Web log).Social Networks social structures made of nodes (which are generally individuals or organizations) that are tied by one or more specific types of interdependency, such as values, visions, idea, financial exchange, friends, kinship, dislike, conflict, trade, web links disease transmission (epidemiology), or airline routes. Social network idea is based on hypothesis of six degree of separation where individual is able to connect to every other person within six other people or less.According to Kirby and Marsden (2006), viral marketing refers to any strategies that make people pass along marketing message to others in exponential growth like virusand this occurred among social network as come up (Strauss and Frost, 2009).De Chernatony and McDonald (2005) suggested that critical successful communication is the understanding of brand in social media context and cons umers.In Cruz and play (2008) research to identify key criteria of viral marketing, one of their findings is that to evaluate the viral marketing, the most popular criterion is awareness.IV. E-bookThe definition of e-book or as cognise as ebook or digital book from the NetLingo (2010) is that it is a book that can be downloaded and read on a computer or other digital device.There are several e-book formats nowadays including The Mobipocket Reader, The Adobe/Glassbook eBook Reader, Microsoft Reader, care OS or WINDOW CE, HTML format, The Open eBook Publication Structure, The rocket engine eBook, the SoftBook, Adobe PDF, Rich Text Format, and ASCII (NetLingo, 2010).The market value in terms of online book buying, Fenn (2009, p.46) reported that in 2008, the figure revealed at 415 million and accounted for 13 percent of all new book sales.Now, the fact that there are at least about 3.5 million e-books available to download for free (World Public Library Association, 2009) from only one website called WorldeBookFair.org has been attracting more consumers to own e-books.As technology changing rapidly, market recently experienced more brands of electronic reader device (e-reader or e-book reader) in the market such as Sony PRS 505, Amazon Kindle 2, iRex IIiad 2, Bebook, Cybook Gen 3 and the list continue (ebook-reader-guide.com, 2009).Especially, the entrance of new Apples newest device called iPad has been triggering the e-book market to be more popular. As Jobs (2010) cited in fossa (2010) that for each iPad that the Apples sale in last two month, 2.5 e-books were downloaded or more than five millions books.The trend of e-book is on the rise as e-book buyers bought less printed books than before, not buying printed books at the rate 25 and 15 per cent respectively (Book Industry Study Group (BISG) (2010) cited in Holt, 2010).As Epps and McQuivey (2009) said that two new e-readers will be launched in India which will allow Indian consumers to start catching up with the e-book trend.Obviously, e-book market is growing and still has very high potential room to grow in the digital world.V. IndiaIndia is the pastoral that holds several reputation names. It is the worlds second largest population after chinaware which has most 1,157 million people in July 2010 (CIA, 2010), the fourth largest, after the United State, China and Japan, in terms of oil consumption in 2009 (eia, 2010), and one of the BRIC countries the world fastest growing and largest economies (ONeill, 2001 cited in Rozhnov, 2010). Therefore, it is important to see overview of the country.From CIA (2010), India governed as a federal republic where the government share the power with another 28 states. The English common law is used as a based legal system in India.Economic in India is growing, 6.5 per cent in 2009, and is regarded as the world second highest growth within major economies. inspection and repair sector accounted for 54.9 per cent in GDP. Inflation rate is stil l as high as 10.9 per cent in 2009 (CIA, 2010).In term of society, 29 per cent of population is classified as urban where the literacy rate is 61 per cent. Even though India consists of variety of language, however, English is still widely used to communicate among national, political, and commercial people (CIA, 2010).As a culture, Indian was determine as collectivist where family is the central of the society and people value group performance (Banerjee, 2008).For technology, CIA (2010) reported 81per cent of Indians are internet users. The penetration of internet users, 51 million are active users, 40 million in urban area and 11 million in rural area (Juxt, 2010 cited in India Microfinance, 2010).Moreover, in India, 40 per cent of online consumers bought products online which increase 18 per cent from last year. As a result, the growth in online shopping has increased by 33 per cent (Juxt, 2010 cited in India Microfinance, 2010)As a consequence(has as a result previously), Indi a is one of the high potential markets for e-book industry ascribable to its population size, economic growth, unique social and cultural context, as well as technology development.VI. look for MethodologyThis project is exploratory market research as the paper aim to gather unique information and develop relevant strategies from the information derived as well as relationships between variables (Aaker et al., 2010 Saunders et al., 2009)This chapter will summarize the research methodology used to achieve the projects objectives as well as research philosophy, approach, strategies, and method choice. Furthermore, the conceptual framework is also described in this chapter.The selection of research methodology is determined by objectives and research questions which also will be demonstrated in this chapter.6.1 Research QuestionThe research question for this paper is How the social media with viral rub off should be used among Indian as a collectivism culture to enhance brand awaren ess in e-book market?The following research objectives are established to address the research question stated above. By the end of this paper, all answers would be issued.How much social media with viral message is used in Indian cultural collectivism?How much Indians aware of e-book?What is the relationship between social media with viral marketing and Indian cultural collectivism?What is the relationship between Indians cultural collectivism that rela

Case Study On Managing Cultural Diversity Management Essay

Case Study On Managing Cultural Diversity guidance EssayIs variety good for business. The knowingness of benefits from managing kind is becoming more than(prenominal) and more explicit during daily human resource precaution rifle. The mixed bag caution is an important strategy of the human resource management which to win the perception, ac associationment and implementation of diversity in organization and institutions. It may survive to a common interest betwixt employers and employees.The conflict associated with diversity management is inevitable according to its principal. On the other hand such bump more or less would be regarded as a generator of new methods, viewpoints, interests, creativity and behavior of solving issues as well. Whether diversity is a potential performance obstruction or a value-added dallyion is determined by institutions policies.In the runner part of this essay, what is diversity management, why it is essential and what would benefit from by organizations testament be discussed. In the last part of the essay will psycho synopsis cultural change over computer simulation and present approaches to diversity from practical pillowcase before conclusion.The human resource forges and policies atomic number 18 designed by the management to compass some goal (Alexander Lewer, 1998), such as attracting, retaining and effectively qualification use of labor resources in all kinds of organizations, from profitable companies to knowledge facilities, from brass departments to supermarkets. As a strategy of human resource management, diversity management is a daily increasing perspective of tackling with impacts from employees with varied dry land.Diversity is delineate into deuce dimensions from peoples social and cultural identities. It refers to the expressions people differ from all(prenominal) other. The primary dimensions described as peoples fundamental characters, such as age, ethnicity, gender, forc ible abilities, race and so on. The secondary dimensions refer to persons self definition via educational background, income, marital status, religious beliefs etc. Both of the dimensions may hold the resembling status of daily cultural impact on a multicultural organization. Cultural diversity is a specific argona in diversity, which concentrate on on peoples characters labeled culturally, including gender, age, ethnicity, race, and also lifestyle, immigrant status and language facility. Cultural diversity management is aimed at taking advantage of staffs polar cultural background to increase their motivation and creativity, further to bring a successful pie-eyed to strategy.Increasing diversity management sack up be a double-edging leaf blade. Although the aw atomic number 18ness of cultural diversity in earnforce is becoming day by day better recognized by organizations, it is often effectively exceptional due to the passively abidance of legal compliance and human rights protection. ground on theory and research, inappropriate implementations can create barrier to high up performance. Firstly, diversity can increase misunderstanding and conflict among employees from different cultural background. Compargond with more homogeneous group, the former group may experience bring down levels of social attraction and competitiveness. Secondly, too much diverse leads to harassment and favouritism behaviors. As different managers hold different opinions of managing cultural diversity, different approaches can be implemented. One of the ingenuousst methods is avoiding diversity. However the reality is for most international organizations, it is non feasible. How to take advantage of cultural diversity without suffering enormous disbenefit is the important issue faced by employers.A nonher side of the diversity sword is that well managed diversity can catalyze the performance of organizations at different aspect, which means a value-added activity. Fir st of all, well implemented approaches create an experience of fairness and respect for all people which is an ideal working milieu for staff. These terms are listed in formal statements of policy in each organization in the world, but unless the lodge has effective and ongoing strategies, those clauses are just another meaningless and hopeful fairy tale without princess. Whats more, employees from different cultural background diversify solutions of problems, decision do, skills and allocation of resources (Gardner Plamer, 1992), which can exit a larger pool of ideas and experiences. The organization can draw from that pool to meet Business strategy and the customers needs more effectively. And also impart individual talents, creativity and experiences (e.g. languages, cultural understanding) from diverse culture. This may allows a company to provide a global service to customers and also improve their merchandising strategies. In addition, opinions from diverse cultural background enhance critical analysis in decision-making groups. In a serial of research studies, Charlene Nemeth found that groups subjected to minority views were better at critically analyzing decision issues and alternatives than those that were not.The essay will analysis diversity using cultural change example (Taylor Cox Jr, 2001) in the next part.Model for Cultural ChangeFigure attached reveals a model for organizational implementations to tackle the impacts of diversity (Taylor Cox. Jr , 2001). E actually instalment from this model should be considered as an effective organizational change. Following the flow of the arrows suggests, every element is influenced by the diversity and continually interacts with each other in the shape of self learning.LeadershipLeadership is a behavior that establishes an mark for avail which provides a sense of urgency and importance for the vision. The orientation of change is also called vision. Meanwhile it also generates motivatio n of others, and brings an ideal environment for exertion of the vision. At the same time, a leader should be involved in vision, establish the adequate organization design and integrate the diversity management with the companys business strategy. It is absolutely the most essential element for change.As its live role of a diversity change ride, leadership is on the fall of the list while implementing diversity. Leaders are those who save influence with other members within the organization, such as chief operating officers, heads of unites of organizations or divisions, HR staff members with diversity assignments and head of labor unions. In order to achieve richly potence of the implementations, the change should satisfy these conditions (1) leadership starts at the executive (2) it takes generations of administration to put peerless across the effort work, and (3) leadership should present directly without delegate.First of all, to be fully effective, leadership on dive rsity must start at the top. A change of presidents would produce a noticeable slow-down in progress toward the goals that were lay out for diversity excellence. Although other members of the leadership aggroup below the CEO level, including the head of the HR function and several engineering managers, continue to work on the diversity change effort, the effort lost momentum that was never recovered. Secondly, it takes many leaders to achieve the final goal. In Alcoa, for example, a unusual progress of cultural diversity owe to leaders at different levels of management chain. In 1999, the executive vice president George Bergeron included an judgment of progress on the diversity goals of the company as part of the motivator compensation formula for all managers reporting to him. Partly as a result of this action, the business units under his authority were all active in working the change model and achieved remarkable progress in the counterbalance year of work (Taylor Cox, 200 1). Eventually, unless there is someone taking the responsibility of making change, the effort made to diversity would doom to failure. query MeasurementResearch is a method of collecting data by which people conclude problems about environmental element or phenomenon (Taylor Cox Jr, 2001). In the mise en scene of organizational effort on diversity, such problems are specified as (1) gender distribution which regarded as a question about element and (2) whether an employees job performance is influenced by age is categorized as the descent between elements. Measurement indicates approaches to record the effectiveness of diversity change.This part of model explains several questions of using data, including how to create criteria to implementation with data, how to use data to improve awareness of diversity, how to evaluate the environment for diversity and how to critic progress has been made. devour Alcoa as an example, there was a significant coming upon of managing departme nt in both business unit and resource unit, which regarded as a washbasin event in leader commitment. Data presented on diversity of this meeting based on surveys and interviews at around five different locations of the organization. rough quotations were wrote down during the interviews with employees from every grade of job, and written on board and showed around the meeting room. Then the leaders walked around and read the messages, some of which sanctioned to run counter to companys elemental values and policies. This is just a simple experience of using internal data, which became a motivate activity for forming substitute of the diversity effort at Alcoa.As is shown above, research and measurement are fundamental to the diversity management process, while using data to act on improvements means using data to increase commitment, enhance training, analyze the climate for diversity and measure progress (Taylor Cox Jr, 2001). learningEducation refers to trainings and practice s of any change effort. As a core feature of mode to diversity, approaches of learning must diversified to fulfill its original purpose. Employees showed great advised of diversity during the training period, many of which would not last long by and by training procedure. In order to deliver a remarkable education on diversity and collect better return from investment on diversity training, an educating design should based on certain ingredients fill, format and logistics, participants, and facilitation.Firstly, the content of training on diversity should be critical consequently multidimensional. apiece dimension is specified into different substance, for instance, to specify the required subtopics, to indicate the birth among topics and to illustrate the type of the content. Secondly, the format and logistics of a diversity education are determined by time and approaches of the training. The effectiveness of training is not hardly influenced by the length of training peri od, but also affected by the way of using time. For example, instead of a one-day-six-hour exhausting boredom, a two hour well sequenced training program of three days is more effective and efficient. Thirdly, in the participant perspective, how large the trainee group, how many fields and levels of the employee, and the eagerness for the participants should be considered before education. For example, a two-hour diversity education practice with an design of simply understanding the business reasons of investing in diversity improvement was held by a division of General Motors. establish on a clear and narrow objective, and presented by a one-way communication, the training process was highly effective with the large group. Lastly, facilitation is the finial main element affecting education, including way to open and close the training, to handle with sensitive topic, and to create internal expertise.alinement of management formManagement system is the intermedium of managing, s uch as organizational policy, implement, regulation, or process. This covers main human resource practice, like recruitment, promotion, development, and even work conditions, or the physical design of working environment. These systems must interlink with one another as an organization is a social system. Before implementing concurrence assignment, three components time, billet and people should be considered.To start with, time operator is the time which is scheduled for the work performance. It contains length of working period, use of overtime, time-off policies (holiday, pass away and vacation), and retirement policies. What is fundamental and simple that, if a company has flexible time-off policies, it would be better to attract, retain, and motivate diverse employees. Muslim could decide whether or not work at their prayer time in a multinational company, and Chinese workers top executive enjoy their reunion with their families at Spring Festival. Whats more, space factor s have to do with the physical working surroundings, including the neatness of working place, the barriers between different individual employees and so on. Eventually the people factor could be expended as recruitment, promotion, bonus, performance measurement, and career trajectories development and succession planning. People factors are designed to retain human resource and achieve the employment outcomes.As described in this chapter, there are large amount of issues in these three areas must be considered under the change for diversity. Nevertheless, any of them should not be tackled independently.Follow-upThis factor contains adjusting the learning loop and establishing accountability for the results, so that the action processes become more and more accurate, hence the management system becomes more and more effective on diversity.In order to guard effective and reasonable follow-up while changing towards diversity, a series of specific activities should be contained in the follow-up procedure, including make use of plan reviews, keep record, provide motivation for good behavior ,and control knowledge retention and transfer. In reality, Alcoa has a motivate reward plan provides bonus besides the base salary. Like many companys, the bonus reward on job performance is yearly issued. For higher-level managers, the bonus from holding stock might generate a fortune of hundreds of thousands of dollars for a CEO. Even middle-level managers would have tens of thousands of dollars according to their performance under the whole organizational strategy. It is a very practical but extremely effective incentive.When efforts towards diversity failed, it would be of all time traced back to poor following. When the following is poor, the whole orientation would collapse.ConclusionBased on Taylors cultural change model, which indicates a process of changing effort meeting the impacts from managing cultural diversity in a company, the way towards symphonic diverse wor kplace is brambly. Efforts should be made in each turning point of the organization, from line worker to executive of division, from sales people to technical team and marketing staff, from London branch to Delhi branch.Diversity is based on certain intentions labor force is the most valuable resource, every employee should be set with respect and equality, and equal opportunities for people of all groups. In order to achieve diversity in organization or even country, it takes not exactly moral obligation to accomplish their orientation, but also generations of unremitting endeavor, hence the demand of building diversity organization is more than a demand of maximizing business performance.

The origins of social welfare

The origins of companionable public assistanceHistorically, it is hard to trace the origins of t land uper welfare or amicable policy in Britain. thither is a debate when exactly the foundations of the welfare reconcile were laid. Slack suggested that the welfare state was established by the end of the eighteenth century. On the other hand Roberts argued that the basis of the welfare state was laid between 1833 and 1854. However, most commentators incline to associate the term well-being State with the start of the modern welfare state of Britain in 1945 (Harris 2004, p.15).Contrary to this conception, in my view, the origins of welfare state could go back as the earliest gallant paltry integrity which came into existence in 1349. Not to forget to mention, the fancy of welfare emerged thousands of years ago in many societies and civilisations. Voluntary and human help was provided through individuals, the state and religious organisations (Day 2000).The Poor constabulary s were introduced as a mechanism to tackle poverty amongst the myopic by giving those help. Those slimy people who are getting help including the sick and elderly were cognise as paupers. According to Oxford English Dictionary 2009 a pauper is A liquidator of relief under the provisions of the Poor rectitude or of creation charity. Now hist. (http//www.oed.com/).The main admonition to the poor law was it paid to a great(p)er extent attention to the maintenance of public order rather than the relief of poverty. This raise a question, whether the start of the welfare remains for the poor was an act of blessing and compassion or the fear that homeless people will strike in unlawful activities. Based on the historical facts, the poor laws were split into the grey-haired Poor law and the New Poor Law. The 1834 Poor Law Amendment Act was regarded as the start of a crude era of Poor Laws referred to as the New Poor Law. (http//www. thrash family lines.org.uk/)The New Poor L aw revolutionised the local anesthetic and central governments relations. The Commissioners Report 1834 was the core of the 1834 Poor Law Amendment Act. The 1834 Poor Law Amendment Act known also as PLAA had taken the administrative index from the local authority (parishes) to the central government authorities. It also reformed the Old Poor Law which was in place. Further more(prenominal), the act call fort with the flaws of the Old Poor Law due to the bad administration of the local parishes. However, the act faced criticism from the local parishes opposing the idea of the central bind, which will put limitation on their personnels. Another criticism that the act restricted the relief to the poor and the conditions inside(a) the modelhouses were harsh and repulsive.( http//www. oeuvrehouses.org.uk/) . The commissioners field of study had also recommended the building of workhouses as a vital st markgy to caution claimants of the outdoor(a) relief. However, many Northern topical anaesthetic Authorities opposed the building of warehouses, because they saw it as an expensive antecedent for the problem of unemployment (Harris 2004).According to (www.workhouses.org) 2009, The Oxford Dictionarys first record of the word workhouse dates back to 1652 in Exeter The said house to bee converted for a workhouse for the poore of this cittye and also a house of correction for the vagrant and disorderly people within this cittye. However, workhouses were around even off before that in 1631 the Mayor of Abingdon reported that wee haue erected wthn our borough a workehouse to cobblestone poore people to workeUnder the New Poor Law (The Poor Law Amendment Act 1834) the workhouse unions acted as a deterrent for the fit to claim outdoor relief. However , the law also introduced the outdoor labour test premised the dissemination of outdoor relief to able-bodied men in return for a task of work .The initial plan of the workhouses to build different workhouses to halt different types of need much(prenominal) as clawren ,women and elderly . But afterward the plans had changed in favour mixed workhouses to pacify all paupers. Apart from deterring able-bodied men from claiming relief, the workhouses were also intended to be institutional accommodation to accommodate various sections of the population who cannot look after themselves in their homes or in community. However during 1830s and the 1840s many cases of abuse and neglect inside the workhouses were reported in the media. The editor of The Times published more than a hundred cases of severeness inside the workhouses in that period (Harris 2004, p.49 -52). Although the workhouses were not a prison, people inside were called inmates. The situation inside the workhouses was tough, the food was basic, and they had to wear rough uniform and to stop in common dormitories. The able-bodied were given hard work such as stone breaking and picking old ropes apart called oakum (www.workhouse s.org).During the 1800s the plan of charity in response to the needy spread rapidly throughout the world. As a result this led to the emergence of Charity administration Society. The Charity Organisation Society shared the same values as the Poor Law and they complemented each other. There was a debate whether the charities do the poor more dependent on the help they receiving, which might discourage them from seeking work. Later, the Charity Organisation Society spread to the USA which was helped by the lack of consistent state support to the poor (Payne 2005, p.34-8).From the origins of social work in the Victorian Charity Organisation Society (COS)The idea of occlusion houses was to bridge the gap between social classes, In order to acquire that, it was suggested that the rich and educated should spend time and live amongst the poor. According to Payne settlements emerged as a movement to educate the working class and to maintain the righteous Christian social behaviour in poor neighbourhoods in the new cities. Those students involved would use their education and moral beliefs in activities which (Payne 2005)The Seebohm Report was regarded as a landmark in the development of social work. Initially the Seebohm mission was set to find ways to reform local authority personal social go. The committee recommended the merge of local authority into social services department .As a result social work moved to be more generic, whereas before social work was specialised such as childcare and psychiatric social work . The object was to utilise resources. Consequently, the social work was modernised social work as it brought together the detach department offering social services to different client gathering into a single social services departments (James 2004) .Subsequently, social work in Britain reached its peak and saw massive state social work refinement by 1970 with the implementation of the Local Authority Personal social function Act 1970 which was an outcome of Seebohm Report. additionally, this period saw the birth of British joining of Social Workers in April 1970 after the merging of 8 associations (Payne 2005). However, towards the 1980s on that point been a move back towards specialisation especially in psychic health and childcare. As the Mental Health Act 1983 made a condition that only approved social workers should be allowed to deal with noetic health cases. Also, as a result of the rise in child abuse cases child breastplate teams became the norm within Local Authorities. Additionally in 1989 the government put 10 million pounds towards child protection training programme (Johnson 1990, p. 161-2).The Beveridge Report 1942 was regarded as the foundation for the modern welfare state in Britain. Lowne R states that, Despite its somewhat unglamorous name (and author) , the Beveridge report on Social Insurance and Allied services outright acquired immense popularity , both at home and aboard , as a practica l programme for the elimination of poverty , and it has subsequently come to be regarded as a blueprint for the welfare state. (Lowne 1999, p. 130)Beveridge stressed in his report the need to eradicate the five evils Want, Disease, Idleness, Squalor and Ignorance. Furthermore, he suggested measures to be enforced by the government to tackle to issues. However, the Beveridge report was not fully implemented by the various governments and was abandoned by the conservatives. The conservatives criticised Beverdige for suggesting a flat rate contribution. Following his report, the National Health Service (NHS) was born on fifth July 1948 . In my opinion, this was one of the most important outcomes of the Beveridge Report and a study event in the history of modern welfare state in Britain. However, some social policy commentators had different view. Glennerster stated that Beveridge is often ascribe with the founding of the National Health Service, which definitely he did not do. And g oes on, he is more possibly credited with the founding of post war system of social security, the subject of his great report, yet in many ways this is also a mistake. Although he acknowledge the report had a great impact at the time (Glennerster 2000, p. 18).Payne (2005, p. 31) suggests that social work in Britain evolved from triplet different sources the Poor Law , charity organisation and the settlement movement.When Margaret Thatcher came to power in 1979, social work started to decline. Different factors contributed to the deterioration of social work. There was a service failure especially in child protection. Social work was seen as a soft police. Thatcher government increased control over public expenditure.After the child care scandals, social work got a negative image in the media and the public. Then social work was seen as the problem rather than the solution.One of the huge dilemmas for social workers in the 21th century, the shift in social work culture. Nowadays, o n the managerial level, more importance being put on budgets and targets. Social workers had massive caseloads to deal with, topped with numerous paperwork to fill, which somehow hinder the process of service rescue to the service user. The rise in the workload for social workers led to gambol the focus from the quality to the quantity. It became the quantity rather than the quality.

Strengths and Weaknesses of Crime Statistics and Victimisation Surveys

Strengths and Weaknesses of offensive Statistics and victimisation SurveysRates of poisonous offence are enter using two key sources patrol Recorded Crime (PRC) and victimization Surveys. Both will be explored and examined to see how they toilette, effectively assist insurance policy makers in targeting areas for change. In addition the advantages and disadvantages of each method will be discussed along with their similarities and differences.To understand why it is important to record offensive manoeuver aims, cardinal key nonions must be clarified. Firstly, umbrage is effectively defined as any act or omission out law of natureed by the crook law and thus punishable (Odgers,1911). Secondly, the purpose of the judicial system is to execute the law and protect victims of iniquity. Thirdly, miserable guilt relates to premeditated inclination.Universal law is non-existent therefore each country or locality has its own legal system. The shared aim is to hold person/ s reckonable for their behaviour. Substructures of the bench may focus on specific areas of interest. These may include the courts, and penal system and constabulary. The role of the courts and penal system is specific. It is in rear end to mete out and protect the innocent, to pass judgement on the guilt or sinlessness of persons presented and to serve a proportionate punishment in solution to the criminal act committed. Any form of justice served must remember the civilian liberties of all concerned, including the offender. Crime prevention and law enforcement are a go division provided by the constabulary.The term criminal guilt stems from two unplumbed Latin principles. These are actus reus which translates as bad act and mens rea guilty fountainhead. The criminate must be found to have committed actus reus with the willing intention to perpetrate the act and/or to have assessed the risk i.e. accident or fear may be experienced as a say result of the action (Dubber, Markus D. (2002). Few exceptions to cosmos found guilty of angiotensin-converting enzyme of these alone exist, these concern whether a person can be in full answerable for their actions. Examples of mens rea without actus reus can relate to offenses, where although the action is deemed illegal, the act may not have the deliberate intention to harm another. Examples of this could involve driving at excessive speed, an act of accidental manslaughter or self-defence. (law.jrank.org)Two comparable sources are used to value crime rates within the UK. Police enter crime measures the glitz of notifiable offences committed over a resolved period, within the jurisdiction that the constabulary serves. Crime-related statistics are obtained at request of the British Home constituent, where they are collated, analysed, and published throughout the year. The figures provide the government and the open with a summarised account of the information obtained. They aim to reveal and compare crime rates within specific localities. They are likewise used to abut the effectiveness of policing. This information can be used to suggest areas for improvement and assist in the constant struggle to prevent crime occurring.The flash method that is utilised, verifies the conclusion to which crime is perpetrated and is a valuable tool when combatting crime. Victimisation surveys primarily recognised as the British Crime Survey (BCS) is a form of crime-related statistical research that was established in 1982. It was introduced in response for an alternative complementary system to exist alongside using legal philosophy records alone. It aimed to gather intelligence on the public attitudes towards crime and their opinions relating to the judicial system. Although operationally in hooklike from any government body, the BCS is still conducted for the British Home Office (First BCS report, Hough and Mayhew, 1983).The survey confidentially canvasses in the region of forty to fift y yard individuals (Office for National Statistics, 2005) to uncover various information relating to crime-related experiences, including anti-social behaviour and constabulary interaction and response to criminal activity. The people questioned span various demographics and aim to be representative of society. They are inter beliefed anonymously via door to door visits or telecommunications.Police recorded crime statistics are easy to conduct and provide a good measure of criminal cases twain regionally and nationally. Because the statistics are compiled from practice of law reports readily available, the lonesome(prenominal) additional cost incurred involves the information being sent, analysed and evaluated. everyplace time re-occurring inclines and declines in illegal behaviour can be place and used when analysing patterns of crime, in particular to risk assess, highlight and tackle crime hotspots. Crime statistics can also indicate the workload and performance level of police forces throughout the country.1An indication of a reduction in crime related incidents could boost public morale. If necessary the findings could influence change surround governing policy. For example, the allocation or re-allocation of specific resources within a police department could lead to a more than efficient service. Identifying the need to place patrol officers where the greatest street crime occurs would be one steering to maximise effectiveness of the police service.Unless a crime has been reported to the police and they have classified it as criminal it will not be included. This means that all minor misdemeanours that would be trialled as summary offences in court such as, crimes relating to anti social behaviour, assault, disorderly conduct and criminal trespass, along with most either-way offences for example thieving and drug offences are excluded from being recorded2. This highlights one of the main failings of this form of data accrual as it leads to d iscrepancies when analysing the results, especially when comparing between PRC and victimisation surveys.Data collection and recording of PRC statistics are affected by the regulations implemented by the current governing body3. The results uncovered may point to a rise in criminal acts being committed. This could have a prejudicious impact on society. As a result the published findings could make up biased and used as propaganda to mislead people into believing that crime rates are more favourable than factual. In some situations the volume of crime could be falsely recorded to meet performance and administrative targets (Chambliss, 2001). This is in direct contradiction of providing a good service to the public.British crime surveys are independent from government reports and not affected by changes in how crime is reported and documented. They play an important role in serving the public interest and governing change and policy. They provide a better indication relating to long -term trends of crime within society4, in particular highlighting crimes which affect different sociological groups. For example, crimes against women and those which affect nonage groups such as the vulnerable, mentally ill, the disadvantaged and ethnic minorities. The BCS provides statistics which demonstrate the extent to which crime occurs. It accounts for minor offences, antisocial behaviour and victimless crime such as fraud. It also includes household and individual(prenominal) crime which may not be otherwise reported or deemed a criminal act5.The BCS is evermore changing to adapt to new concerns affecting society6. Recent intricacy has seen the inclusion of acts committed against minors such as gadget theft which has seen a vast increase as technology advances however this is only in the testing stage and is yet to be fully implemented. It has also seen the inclusion of crimes relating to identity theft7. The confidential method of surveying is elastic and can reach a w ide proportion of people. Interviews conducted may take place at home, by visiting door to door or over the telephone. This can motivate people to openly speak their mind about their experiences and concerns. It may also lead to the discussion of topics of a untoughened nature for example, being the victim of racially incited or homophobic hate crimes, which they may not have wanted to report. This may be overdue to shame, embarrassment, a fear of repercussions or not being believed or interpreted seriously by the police service8. Overall the BCS appears to paint a broader portrayal of how a variety of crime-related issues really affect a ramble of varied people. Perhaps this is because they take the initiative and seek to learn more.Shortcomings touch this form of canvassing is that it is very costly to conduct, not only in man power but also time and resources. The effectiveness is indistinct as the results gathered rely on a persons honesty and personal insight in to how th ey have been affected which may provide magnified responses or false information.The BCS also excludes the recording of commercial crimes and heinous crime such as murder. However, the Commercial Victimisation Survey and the Offending Crime and Justice Survey are both in place to ascertain that crimes outside the boundaries of the BCS are still accounted for9.In summary, I have explored both methods used to research crime statistics and outlined the strengths and weaknesses of each. For example, The BCS relies on the respondents personal view of the effect of crime. PRC assumes that crime is always reported. Both methods are dependent on the classification of crime.Victimisation surveys fail to provide an accurate line drawing of society. This is because surveys of this form assume that people interviewed can and will provide a reliable version of events. An effective source of information can not solely rely on the integrity and factual representation of those it surveys. vario us(prenominal) perception can vary hugely, and factors such as differences between vivacious in a rural versus urban location and coming from differing socio-economic backgrounds can lead to ambiguous results. For example, certain groups of people may be targeted more or less than indicated. If these variables are not taken in to account then the measure of crime rates could be distorted and the general findings in relation to the sample population unfounded. Overall it can be seen that both the BCS and PRC are adequate methods for collecting information. When trying to measure crime the most effective method is to examine BCS and PRC together as the results combined provide a more comprehensive picture of how crime really affects society.

Why are US Veterans becoming Homeless?

Why argon US veterinarians becoming Homeless?Aubrieann HaleIn this paper, I volition focus on the topic of why old hands ar coming howevertocks homeless. Veterans are seen as a savior of the country they are risking their humps for all(prenominal) mean solar day, so why is it that they are coming confirm from tours and service and finally ending up homeless? Since 2009 the unite States stated that in fivesome years they would end veteran homeless, barely the United States is pipe down set ab disclose veteran homelessness in the year 2017. Though the homeless rates of veterans prevail gone down since then, why are veterans still facing homelessness if so some(prenominal) a nonher(prenominal) resources are supposed to be avail up to(p) for them. Is at that place to a greater extent than meets the eye when it comes to homelessness, especially with veterans, yes. Many things discharge attribute to this continuing bit such as neglect of sufficeances provided, me ntal illnesses, PTSD, lack or injustice of concord from being deployed, the use of drugs and alcohol as coping strategies, and the economics.Homelessness is something that many item-by-items in every country face on a everyday basis. The comment of homelessness can vary from what one individual to the next individuals definition of homelessness. The United States part of Health and Human Services definition of homelessness isAn individual without permanent hold who whitethorn live on the streets, stay in a shelter, mission, single room occupancy facilities, abandoned building or vehicle, or in any other unstable or non-permanent bit. An individual may be considered as homeless if that person is doubled up, a term that refers to a situation where individuals are unable to maintain their housing situation and are forced to stay with a series of friends and/or extended family members. In addition, previously homeless individuals who are to be released from a prison or a infirm ary may be considered homeless if they do not grow a stable housing situation to which they can return (U. S. D. of H. and H, n.d.).The Veterans Assistance program (VA) was originally formed in 1811 by the national g all overnment for veteran domiciliary and medical facilities, but at the time was named the Veterans Bureau. The federal government recognise the instability of an individuals living arrangements as a critical aspect of the definition of homelessness. Later on, in the nineteenth century, the Veterans Administration was expanded to include benefits and or pensions not only for veterans but for their widows and dependents if something were to digest happened. After the well-behaved War, many states began to establish veterans homes. Since domiciliary circumspection was available at all state veterans homes, coinciding with that medical and hospital discourse were excessively provided for all injuries and diseases, without discrimination of service sphere of infl uence. Veterans of the Indian Wars, Civil War, Spanish-American War, and Mexican Border, as well as regularly discharged members of the United States Armed Forces, were able to receive care at these veteran homes (U.S. part of Veterans Affairs, n.d). As the United States entered World War I, congress established a new system of veterans benefits, including programs for disability compensation, insurance for service forcefulness and veterans, and vocational rehabilitation for the disabled (U.S. incision of Veterans Affairs, n.d). In 1928, admission to the national veteran homes was extended to all women who served, National Guard and militia Veterans (all able-bodied civilians eligible by law for armament service) (U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, n.d). In 1930, President Herbert vacuum signed an executive order that elevated the Veterans Bureau to a federal administration creating the what is now known as the Veterans Administration. From 1944 by 1993, Veterans Administrat ion guaranteed 13.9 cardinal home loans valued at to a greater extent than 433.1 billion dollars (U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, n.d). To assist a Veteran between discharge and reemployment, the GI Bill also provided unemployment benefits of 20 dollars a week, for up to a maximum of 52 weeks (U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, n.d). This assistance was point in place to avoid a repetition of World War I when unemployed Veterans were reduced to relying on charities for solid food and shelter. The Veterans Administration was then later renamed the Department of Veterans Affairs and continued to this day be known as the VA.It was not until the early 1980s, when the United States entered a recession in 1980 with the unemployment rate remaining unchanged through the cacography of a second recession in 1981, that veteran homelessness began to be recognized as an important public health problem. The Veterans Administration has gone through many changes over the past 200 years s ince it was founded. moreover it still remains to be focused on offering veterans the resources in which it was founded, for domiciliary and medical needs of veterans who have served.Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is one of the disparate slipway a veteran can manifest postwar tolerance difficulties. PTSD is a mental health problem that some individuals can develop after experiencing or witnessing a life-threatening event, such as combat, a natural disaster, a car accident, or sexual assault. It is commonplace for an individual to have upsetting memories, feel on edge, or have trouble sleeping after a traumatic event. It may be hard to do normal activities, such as going to work, school, or spending time with people you care about. For some individuals, PTSD symptoms may not start right away, they may come and go over time. With PTSD, veterans may find it hard to limit their support groups such as family, friends and possible significant others close due to the symptoms of PTSD. Individuals can have a difficult time trying to get rachis into a act that has now changed, whether they themselves are suffering from PTSD or individuals closest to those who are suffering.Personally, coming from a family where my father is a veteran and my brother-in-law has been deployed 3 quantify in the past 4 years I have been able to see the costs that forces families have to pay that can point them in hard financial situations in the future. For instance, army alikes have triplex parts that are required, and if an individual is not wearing them they are out of conduct. Here is a cost breakdown of one of the 4 uniforms, military personnel are required to have. For combat and training, uniforms the required coat starts at 47.51 dollars, 48.00 dollars for the trousers, 8.10 dollars for the patrol cap, 4.77 dollars for the undershirt, 4.07 dollars for the rigger belt, 350-100 dollars for boots, up to 25 dollars per insignia, and 200 dollars for the required mob (Army carry Force Exchange Services, n.d.). For just a combat uniform it can cost up to 700 dollars. For their formal uniforms, it can cost up to 500 dollars, and for physical training, uniforms it can cost up to 200 dollars. period they are given a uniform allowance, the military is constantly changing their uniforms and not compensating for that change, making it stressful for some to try and find ways to pay for what they need. There is also the factor of paying for housing, while in that location are barracks that military personnel can live in, some chose to live in apartments off base, due to having more freedom or having a family. So, they can be paying the housing costs outside of the military, but when it comes to deployment if they are single and not living with someone else it can run short an issue of trying to keep payments going to the landlord regularly and if something goes wrong there is a possibility of them losing their place to stay ultimately coming back end homeless. When it comes to having a family, they ordinarily try to stay in one area and not have to move so often due to inconveniences. But when the military personnel get stationed in a new state, it becomes a matter of is the whole family going to move only to have the military personnel deployed in a couple of months leaving the family in an unacknowledged area with no support like they had before. Now if the family made the survival to stay, then they are paying for housing in two states, which put the family in a financial burden, but they are able to keep their support systems. A median annual income of Veterans was approximately $50,000 (Elbogen, et al., 2012). In their studies, they indicated that treatment costs for veterans were a barrier to obtaining psychiatric and proper care. The US armament released a pay grade chart for 2017 because they offer many divergent variations for each area I will only focus on serving for 4 years. These numbers are based on perio dical pay rounded up to the nearest us dollar. As an E-1 for 4 years they would make 1592 dollars, E-2 1785 dollars, E-3 2115 dollars, E-4 2420 dollars, E-5 2656 dollars, E-6 2960 dollars, and E-7 3401 dollars (Military pay chart, 2016). These are numbers only for enlistees and not officers, seeing that enlistees are the almost common within the military. Substance demoralise can be a leading factor in homelessness or continuing to be homeless. From a study conducted by Robert M. Bray, Mary Ellen Marsden, and Michael R. Peterson, they found that overall military personnel are more likely to assimilate and drink heavily than civilians are. Military personnel are twice as likely as civilians to be heavy drinkers, about one-third of military men who are younger drink heavily (Bray, et al., 1991).Veterans that are most at risk of coming back from war homeless usually have multiple factors that lead to the problem. Most of the individuals are either single, divorced, widowed, lack of family support or support systems, rendering them unable for proper reentry into civilian life. When those in the military are deployed, they are housed at the bases in that area, if they have their own family back in the states they can find it difficult to conduct with them. The military does not offer free Wi-Fi or calling, so if they were deficient to communicate with those back home, they will have to pay a monthly fee to do so. If an individual cannot afford that fee, there is the possibility of them losing their connections and support.Veterans who were officers and those who had calibrated from college are more likely to have an easier readjusting process for their post-military life than enlisted personnel and those who are high school graduates. Along with veterans who mentioned they had an emotionally traumatic grow while serving or suffered a serious injury had more problems with re-entry when other factors are held constant.Though I would like to provide a definite answer to why are United States veterans coming back homeless, there is still much research to do. There are many factors that can lead to an individual becoming homeless and that is the same for veterans. magic spell there are many studies on veteran homelessness, my goal was to emblem out why they are homeless, and while again there are many articles and studies they do not clearly focus on specifically why. I would express that I have not been able to full answer my question of why United States veterans are coming back homeless, but I hope that in the future, I will be able to conduct my own studies on this topic and find a more concise answer. Until then I can only say that there are many factors that lead to this unfortunate event such as lack of assistances provided, mental illnesses, PTSD, lack or loss of support from being deployed, the use of drugs and alcohol as coping strategies, and the economics.ReferencesServices, U. S. D. of H. and H. (n.d.). HHS.gov Retrieved Mar ch 8, 2017, from https//www.hhs.gov/Elbogen, E. B., Johnson, C. S. C., Wagner, H. R., Newton, V. M., Beckham, J. C. (2012). fiscal Well-Being and Post-Deployment Adjustment among Iraq and Afghanistan War Veterans. Military Medicine, 177(6), 669-675. Retrieved from http//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3390745/Shop Army Air Force Exchange Service. (n.d.). Retrieved March 13, 2017, from https//www.shopmyexchange.com/browse/military/army-uniforms/_/N-104825Brett Litz, S. M. O. (n.d.). The Returning Veteran of the Iraq War Background Issues and Assessment Guidelines. https//secure.ce-credit.com/articles/101192/3_4-101192.pdf2017 Military Pay Chart. (2016). Retrieved March 13, 2017, from https//www.usmilitary.com/2017-military-pay-chart/U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs. (n.d.). Retrieved March 13, 2017, from https//www.va.gov/Alvin S. Mares, R. A. R. (2006). Attitudes Towards Employment and Employment Outcomes Among Homeless Veterans with Substance Abuse and or Psychiatric Prob lems. Taylor Francis Group, LLC.Stephen Metraux, L. X. C., John D. Daigh, D. P. C., Vincent Kane. (n.d.). Risk Factors for Becoming Homeless Among a cohort of Veterans Who Served in the Era of the Iraq and Afghanistan Conicts.Matthew Chinman, G. H., Sharon McCarthy. (2012). Lessons Learned from a Quality forward motion Intervention with Homeless Veteran Services. Johns Hopkins University Press, 23(3), 210-224.Tsai, J., Rosenheck, R. A. (2015). Risk Factors for Homelessness Among US Veterans. Epidemiologic Reviews, 37, 177-195. https//doi.org/10.1093/epirev/mxu004Bray, R. M., Marsden, M. E., Peterson, M. R. (1991). standardised comparisons of the use of alcohol, drugs, and cigarettes among military personnel and civilians. American Journal of Public Health, 81(7), 865-869. Retrieved from http//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1405176/

The Start of Islam Essay -- Islam Muslim Religion

The Start of IslamOut of the many interesting religions of the Far East Islam has rather a uniqueness to it. The name, Islam stems from the word salam, that means peace. The word Muslim, which means a follower of Islam, refers to a person who submits him or her self to the will of God. some religious experts believe that the prophet Muhammad founded Islam in the year 622 CE. Muhammad was believed to have lived from 570-632 CE. This incident religion started when the angel Jibreel read the first revelation to Muhammad. We know already that the followers of Islam are annunciateed Muslims. The Muslims believe in the one true God, which they call Allah. Muhammad was born in the year 570 CE. When he was growing up, he was direct into the desert in order for a roster family to raise him. The vernal Muhammad was orphaned when he was 6 years old but brought up by his uncle. While Muhammad was young, he worked mostly as a shepherd. afterward on in his youth, he was given the job of bei ng a camel driver on the trade routes between Syria and Arabia. Throughout his travel, he total many people of different religious beliefs. Muhammad was able to observe members of Christianity, Pagan, and Judaism religions. later Muhammad married, there was more time for meditation for him. Supposedly, at or about the age of forty, the angel Gabriel (Jibreel) visited him while he was in Mecca. From then on he believed that he had been ordained a prophet by Gabriel, and that his cephalalgia was co...

Julius Caesar :: essays papers

Julius CaesarIn the book Julius Caesar, by William Shakespeare, Cassius and theconspirators envisioned Caesar as being ambitious. He was also said to non be ambitious by Mark Antony. He was, however, ambitious. This isbecause he refused the crown triad times, he did non listen to thewarnings that people gave him throughout the book, and he did not endthe punishment he placed upon Metellus Cimbers brother, PubliusCimber. These were every acts of ambition. On the Lupercal, Mark Antonypresented Caesar with a crown. Caesar then proceeded to turn agglomerate thecrown cardinal times. The reason he did this is because the crown was notthe real one, but provided a coronet. This is known when Casca tells Brutusand Caesar, I saw Mark Antony offer him a crown (yet twas not a crownneither twas one of those coronets), and as I told you, he put it byonce but for all that, to my thinking, he would fain have had it. Thereason that this was ambitious is because it shows that he treasured mor ethan they offered him and that he wasnt satisfied with just that. Italso shows that he feels that he is too good for it. After he turneddown the crown, the people watching yelled because they wanted him totake the crown. This shows he does not listen to others. Throughoutthe book, Caesar received many warnings about his death. all of thesewarnings he refused. The Soothsayer told him to beware the Ides ofMarch, Calphurnia told him about her dreams, the owl was seen in thecapitol during the daytime, the slaves hand caught on fire, and the skyspit fire. All of these were warnings that Caesar did not listen to. Hepushed extraneous the Soothsayer and said, He is a dreamer. Let us leavehim. Pass. This shows that he exit not accept advice from anyone. Ifhe does this, then he leave alone be a tyrant. When Calphurnia told him abouther dream, he did not listen to her. Instead, he listened to flattery,which he said he disliked. These shows that he was also a pseud andthat he would only listen to or do what sounded better for him. All ofthese things reveal that he has a huge ego. This is ambitious because a someone with a big ego will only do things that will benefit him.Before Caesar is stabbed, Metellus Cimber and the conspirators approachhim and ask him to let Publius Cimber back into the kingdom.

Time Management: Putting Time On Your Side Essay -- essays research pa

period Management Putting cadence on Your statusTime is life. It is permanent and irreplace adequate. To waste peerlesss judgment of conviction is to waste cardinals life, but mastery of clock usage is mastery of life and fashioning the most of it. Einstein once said, There is no authoritative comparison in time amidst two events, but there is an absolute relation between put and time (Sharp 1). Time is a mystery. It whoremongernot be tied down by definition or confined inner a formula. Like gravity, it is a phenomenon that we tin experience but cannot understand. We are aware of the ageing of our bodies, of the personal effects of the movements of our planet, and of the ticking of the clock. We learn a short about what we c all the ag sensation and we know that change is built into our lives. precisely neither philosophers nor scientists abide been able to analyze and explain all of the convey of time. Not only know they failed to provide easy explanations, bu t their efforts sometimes seem to realise do mystery more mysterious and to have shown us that our lack of arrangement was even greater than we supposed. around philosophers point that the passage of time is an cardinal metaphysical fact, but one that can only be grasped by non-rational intuition. Others tell us that the flow of time is an illusion and that the future day can no more be changed than the past. Some believe that future events survey into existence as the present the future becomes the actual moment-in-being.When spending money, one presumably tries to balance their expenditures in such(prenominal) a way as to obtain the best possible yield. This convey that one will in all probability refrain from spending all of their assets on a single commodity. Instead, one will distribute their expenditure all over a variety of contrastive goods and services. The optimum situation will have been reached when it is impossible to increase atonement by reducing expendit ure in one field and do a corresponding increase in another. A more skillful description of this condition of equilibrium would be to say that the marginal utility-grade of one dollar essential be the same in all different sectors of expenditures.In the same manner, one tries to economize with their time resources. They must be so distributed as to chip in an equal yield in all sects of use. Otherwise, it would pay t... ...able units using periods of gettable time. Focus on the depute at hand by mentally establishing successful outcomes and working lynchpin to identify the steps that lead there. cast off a daily, prioritized roll of tasks and events. spare things down for memorys interest group and to keep a pickle free mind. Time management is a skill that needs to be practiced, and once perfected, it will make waking of any busy schedule for any busy person.Works CitedSharp, Clifford. The political economy of Time. New York John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1981Lakien, Alan. How to lead Control of Your Time and Your Life. New York David McKay Co., 1973Schofield, Deniece. Confessions of an organize Housewife. Cincinnati, Ohio Writers corroborate Books, 1984Linder, Staffan Burenstam. The Harried Leisure Class. New York capital of South Carolina University Press, 1970Kozoll, Charles E. Coaches Guide to Time Management. Champaign, Illinois benignant Kinetics Publishers, Inc., 1985Mackenzie, Alec. The Time Trap. New York Amacom, 1990Winston, Stephanie. getting Organized. New York Warner Books, 1978 Time Management Putting Time On Your Side Essay -- essays research paTime Management Putting Time on Your SideTime is life. It is irreversible and irreplaceable. To waste ones time is to waste ones life, but mastery of time usage is mastery of life and making the most of it. Einstein once said, There is no absolute relation in time between two events, but there is an absolute relation between space and time (Sharp 1). Time is a mystery. It ca nnot be tied down by definition or confined inside a formula. Like gravity, it is a phenomenon that we can experience but cannot understand. We are aware of the ageing of our bodies, of the effects of the movements of our planet, and of the ticking of the clock. We learn a little about what we call the past and we know that change is built into our lives. But neither philosophers nor scientists have been able to analyze and explain all of the meaning of time. Not only have they failed to provide easy explanations, but their efforts sometimes seem to have made mystery more mysterious and to have shown us that our lack of understanding was even greater than we supposed. Some philosophers argue that the passage of time is an important metaphysical fact, but one that can only be grasped by non-rational intuition. Others tell us that the flow of time is an illusion and that the future can no more be changed than the past. Some believe that future events come into existence as the present the future becomes the actual moment-in-being.When spending money, one presumably tries to balance their expenditures in such a way as to obtain the best possible yield. This means that one will probably refrain from spending all of their assets on a single commodity. Instead, one will distribute their expenditure over a variety of different goods and services. The optimum situation will have been reached when it is impossible to increase satisfaction by reducing expenditure in one field and making a corresponding increase in another. A more technical description of this condition of equilibrium would be to say that the marginal utility of one dollar must be the same in all different sectors of expenditures.In the same manner, one tries to economize with their time resources. They must be so distributed as to give an equal yield in all sects of use. Otherwise, it would pay t... ...able units using periods of available time. Focus on the task at hand by mentally establishing succes sful outcomes and working back to identify the steps that lead there. Make a daily, prioritized schedule of tasks and events. Write things down for memorys sake and to keep a clutter free mind. Time management is a skill that needs to be practiced, and once perfected, it will make light of any busy schedule for any busy person.Works CitedSharp, Clifford. The Economics of Time. New York John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1981Lakien, Alan. How to Get Control of Your Time and Your Life. New York David McKay Co., 1973Schofield, Deniece. Confessions of an Organized Housewife. Cincinnati, Ohio Writers Digest Books, 1984Linder, Staffan Burenstam. The Harried Leisure Class. New York Columbia University Press, 1970Kozoll, Charles E. Coaches Guide to Time Management. Champaign, Illinois Human Kinetics Publishers, Inc., 1985Mackenzie, Alec. The Time Trap. New York Amacom, 1990Winston, Stephanie. Getting Organized. New York Warner Books, 1978

Freedom Encroaching Technologies Essay -- FBIs Use of Privacy-Invadin

Any society that would give up a little license to gain a little security will deserve uncomplete and lose both.-- Benjamin Franklin INTRODUCTIONThe true danger is when liberty is nibbled away, for expedients, and by parts...the only thing necessary for evil to triumph is for good hands to do nothing.-- Edmund BurkeU.S. has enjoyed being the most dominant country in the world for almost a century now. No one argues the supremacy, be it militarily or economically, of U.S. in present days. U.S. dominance is so overwhelm that almost nothing can restraint its will, case in buck, the upstart war without approval of U.N. A disturbing trend seems to be developing. An incontrovertible/arrogant international policy and a growing fascist domesticated policy appear to be the image of U.S. government at this point in time. With every passing year, the government is doing more and more charge on the people, citizen and foreigners, without their knowledge and consent. The recent wo rld events have escalated the situation. To be sure, the U.S. government was already on the path of slowly encroaching on solitude well before the events. But since 9/11, the citizens have willingly inclined up their resistance against the governments encroachment on cover in search for national unity and safety. They gave the government more bureau to prosecute foreigners and citizens accused of terrorism In the 1990s, as technology evolved chop-chop the government has kept pace and tried to create new slipway to surveillance using the evolving technologies. In addition to that, the government is seeking to call up ways to break through encrypted data by asking packet companies to allow build-in backdoors for the government to decode sensit... ...html Karen Tumulty and Viveca Novak, Goodbye, soccer mom. Hello, security mom. TIME Magazine. 2 Jun. 2003 ISSUE.Jack Ryan. McAfee broadens denial No contact with government of any sort. lucre Security Review. 28 Nov, 200 1. http//lists.insecure.org/lists/politech/2001/Nov/0109.html Bugbear worms threaten Internet. CNN.com/Technology. 08 Jun. 2003. http//www.cnn.com/2003/TECH/06/08/computer.worm/index.html Urge sexual intercourse to Stop the FBIs Use of Privacy-Invading Software. American Civil Liberty Union. http//www.aclu.org/Cyber-Liberties/Cyber-Liberties.cfm?ID=9958&c=58 John Leyden. Zimmermann defends strong crypto against govt assault. 10 Mar. 2001. http//www.theregister.co.uk/content/archive/22014.html Declan McCullagh, Lantern Backdoor Flap Rages. 27 Nov. 2001. http//www.wired.com/news/conflict/0,2100,48648,00.html

The Neurobiology of Memory and Aging Essay -- Science Scientific Essay

The Neurobiology of retentivity and Aging I illogical my keys again, my mother exclaimed at dinner a few nights ago, I very am getting sure-enough(a). This use of octogenarian age as a justification for memory deficits is extremely common. Many people relate aged age with prejudice of memory and other neurobiological functions. Why is it that senescence seems to go hand in hand with losing and forgetting things? Is in that location a neurobiological explanation for this phenomenon? It is clear to neurobiologists that agedness results in a fall in brain size as well as a cliff in the efficiency of brain functions. It has been a widely held belief that senescent causes neurons to die and for the overall number of neurons to decrease as one reaches aging age. Studies conducted by Dr. David Merrill refute this idea, sighting a lack of neuronal departure in the entohinal cortex after running an MRI on a healthy subject. Instead, Merill indicates that loss of neuron s may occur in degenerative disorders, much(prenominal) as Alzheimers, but not in healthy brains. However, it remains line up that some aspects of cognition do decline as age increases, such(prenominal) as short term and long term memory. Since these effects argon not caused by a decrease in the number of neurons present, in that respect must be another neurobiological explanation. In order to figure memory loss it is necessary to realize how memory works in a normal brain without any cognitive deficits. warehousing stomach be separated into three distinct parts working memory, asserting(a) memory, and procedural memory (1). Working memory is the most short term, and it involves reiterate something that someone has just said in conversation or call back something you had just seen briefly. This part of memory does not ever become to the full sto... ...mplex..http//psych.wisc.edu/postlab/Psych733/Nadel_Moscovitch.1997.pdf4)Nadel and Moscovitch. Memory Consolidation, Retrograde Amnesia and the Hippocampal Complex..http//psych.wisc.edu/postlab/Psych733/Nadel_Moscovitch.1997.pdf5) The Symptoms of Alzheimers. .http//www.diseases-explained.com/Alzheimers/symptomsalzheime.html6) Greenwood. .http//sln.fi.edu/brain/nutrition/carbohydrates/brainpower.html7) Alzheimers Secondary Victims. .http//sites.unc.edu/error.html8)Alipoprotein E. .http//home.mira.net/dhs/apoe.html9) find out the Cause of Memory Loss in the Elderly .http//www.postgradmed.com/issues/1999/10_15_99/welsh.htm10)Stress tied to Memory Loss .http//www.academicpress.com/inscight/04221998/grapha.htm11)University of Kuopio, Series Reports, Department of Neurology . http//www.uku.fi/neuro/39abs.htm The Neurobiology of Memory and Aging try out -- Science Scientific EssayThe Neurobiology of Memory and Aging I bewildered my keys again, my mother exclaimed at dinner a few nights ago, I really am getting old. This use of old age as a justification for memory deficits is extr emely common. Many people relate old age with loss of memory and other neurobiological functions. Why is it that senescent seems to go hand in hand with losing and forgetting things? Is there a neurobiological explanation for this phenomenon? It is clear to neurobiologists that aging results in a decrease in brain size as well as a decrease in the efficiency of brain functions. It has been a widely held belief that aging causes neurons to die and for the overall number of neurons to decrease as one reaches old age. Studies conducted by Dr. David Merrill refute this idea, sighting a lack of neuronal loss in the entohinal cortex after running an MRI on a healthy subject. Instead, Merill indicates that loss of neurons may occur in degenerative disorders, such as Alzheimers, but not in healthy brains. However, it remains squ be(a) that some aspects of cognition do decline as age increases, such as short term and long term memory. Since these effects are not caused by a decrease i n the number of neurons present, there must be another neurobiological explanation. In order to understand memory loss it is necessary to understand how memory works in a normal brain without any cognitive deficits. Memory crowd out be separated into three distinct parts working memory, fact mood memory, and procedural memory (1). Working memory is the most short term, and it involves restate something that someone has just said in conversation or store something you had just seen briefly. This part of memory does not ever become amply sto... ...mplex..http//psych.wisc.edu/postlab/Psych733/Nadel_Moscovitch.1997.pdf4)Nadel and Moscovitch. Memory Consolidation, Retrograde Amnesia and the Hippocampal Complex..http//psych.wisc.edu/postlab/Psych733/Nadel_Moscovitch.1997.pdf5) The Symptoms of Alzheimers. .http//www.diseases-explained.com/Alzheimers/symptomsalzheime.html6) Greenwood. .http//sln.fi.edu/brain/nutrition/carbohydrates/brainpower.html7) Alzheimers Secondary Victims. . http//sites.unc.edu/error.html8)Alipoprotein E. .http//home.mira.net/dhs/apoe.html9) determine the Cause of Memory Loss in the Elderly .http//www.postgradmed.com/issues/1999/10_15_99/welsh.htm10)Stress tied to Memory Loss .http//www.academicpress.com/inscight/04221998/grapha.htm11)University of Kuopio, Series Reports, Department of Neurology . http//www.uku.fi/neuro/39abs.htm